Human Auditory System Response
To Modulated Electromagnetic Energy

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ALLAN H. FREY
General Electric Advanced Electronics Center
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Courtesy of MindNet



Frey, Allan H., Human Auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy. J. Appl. Physiol. 17(4): 689-692. 1962.

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Note: This paper explains how voices can be beamed directly into an individual's head.
(*) Asterisks indicate unreadable characters in the original copy.

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--The intent of this paper is to bring a new phenomena to the attention of physiologists. Using extremely low average power densities of electromagnetic energy, the perception of sounds was induced in normal and deaf humans. The effect was induced several hundred feet from the antenna the instant the transmitter was turned on, and is a function of carrier frequency and modulation. Attempts were made to match the sounds induced by electromagnetic energy and acoustic energy. The closest match occurred when the acoustic amplifier was driven by the rf transmitter's modulator. Peak power density is a critical factor and, with acoustic noise of approximately 80 db, a peak power density of approximately 275 mw / rf is needed to induce the perception at carrier frequencies 125 mc and 1,310 mc. The average power density can be at rf as low as 400 _u_w/cm2. The evidence for the various positive sites of the electromagnetic energy sensor are discussed and locations peripheral to the cochlea are ruled out.

Received for publication 29 September 1961.

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A significant amount of research has been conducted with the effects of radio-frequency (rf) energy on organisms (electro- magnetic energy between 1 kc and ** Gc). Typically, this work has been concerned with determining damage resulting from body temperature increase. The average power densities used have been on the order of 0.1-t w/cm2 used over many minutes to several hours.

In contrast, using average power densities measured in microwatts per square centimeter, we have found that ****r effects which are transient, can be induced with rf energy. Further, these effects occur the instant the transmitter is turned on. With appropriate modulation, the perception of different sounds can be induced in physically deaf, as well as normal, in human subjects at a distance of inches up to thousands of feet from the transmitter. With somewhat different transmission parameters, you can induce the perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea. Changing transmitter parameters down, one can induce a "pins-and-needles" sensation.

Experimental work with these phenomena may yield information on auditory system functioning and, more generally, in the nervous system function. For example, this energy could possibly be used as a tool to explore nervous system coding, possibly using Neider and Neff's procedures (1), and for stimulating the nervous system without the damage caused by electrodes.

Since most of our data have been obtained of the "rf sound" and only the visual system has previously been shown to respond to electromagnetic energy, this paper will be concerned only with the auditory effects data. As a further restriction, only data from human subjects will be reported, since only this data can be discussed meaningfully at the present time. The long series of studies we performed to ascertain that we were dealing with a biological significant phenomena (rather than broadcasts from sources such as loose fillings in the teeth) are summarized in another paper (2), which also reports on the measuring instruments used in this work.

The intent of this paper is to bring this new phenomenon to the attention of physiologists. The data reported are intended to suggest numerous lines of experimentation and indicate necessary experimental controls.

Since we are dealing with a significant phenomenon, we decided to explore the effects of a wide range of transmitter parameters to build up the body of knowledge which would allow us to generate hypotheses and determine what experimental controls would be necessary. Thus, the numbers given are conservative; they should not be considered precise, since the transmitters were never located in ideal laboratory environments. Within the limits of our measurements, the orientation of the subject in the rf field was of little consequence.

Most of the transmitters used to date in the experimentation have been pulse modulated with no information placed on the signal. The rf sound has been described as being a buzz, clicking, hiss, or knocking, depending on several transmitter parameters, i.e., pulse width and pulse-repetition rate (PRF). The apparent source of these sounds is localized by the subjects as being within, or immediately behind the head. The sound always seems to come from within or immediately behind the head no matter how the subjects twists or rotates in the rf field.

Our early experimentation, preformed using transmitters with very short square pulses and high pulse-repetition rates, seemed to indicate that we were dealing with harmonics of the PRF. However, our later work has indicated that this is not the case; rather, the rf sound appears to be incidental modulation envelope on each pulse, as shown in Fig 1.

Some difficulty was experienced when the subjects tried to match the rf sound to ordinary audio. They reported that it was not possible to satisfactorily match the rf sound to a sine wave or to white noise. An audio amplifier was connected to a variable bypass filter and pulsed by the transmitter pulsing mechanism. The subjects, when allowed to control the filter, reported a fairly satisfactory match. The subjects were fairly well satisfied with all frequencies below 5-kc audio were eliminated and the high- frequency audio was extended as much as possible. There was, however, always a demand for more high-frequency components. Since our tweeter has a rather good high-frequency response, it is possible that we have shown an analogue of visual phenomenon in which people see farther into the ultraviolet range when the lenses is eliminated from the eye. In other words, this may be a demonstration that the mechanical transmission system of the ossicles cannot respond to as high a frequency as the rest of the auditory system. Since the rf bypasses the ossicle system and the audio given the subject for matching does not, this may explain the dissatisfaction of our subjects in the matching.


[ If the following tables appear misaligned, please update your monospaced font selection in your Browser's preferences. A monospaced courier or TTY font will improve readability. ]
FIG. 1. Oscilloscope representation of transmitter output over
time (pulse-modulated).

TRANSMITTER ELECTRONIC NOISE
|--(INCIDENTAL MODULATION)
|
\/
:.:.:.: :.:.:.:
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
--- --------------- -----------
ON OFF ON OFF


FIG. 2. Audiogram of deaf subject (otosclerosis) who had a "normal"
rf sound threshold.

-10|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
0|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| A = RIGHT BONE
| | A | | | | | | | | |
|----|----B----A--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| B = LEFT BONE
| | | B | A | | | | | | |
LOSS(db) 20|----|----|----B--B--AB-B--B--B--AB-|--| C = LEFT AIR
| | | | | | | A | | | |
|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| D = RIGHT AIR
| | | | | | | | | | | C
40|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--C--|
| | C C C | | | | | C | |
|----C----|----D--|--C--C--C--|--D--D--D
| | D | D | | D | | | |
60|----D----|----|--|--D--|--|--|--|--|--|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
80|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
100|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
FREQUENCY (cps)


TABLE 1. Transmitter parameters

Trans- Frequency, Wave- Pulse Width, Pulses Sec. Duty Cy.
mitter mc length, cm _u_sec

A 1,310 22.9 6 244 .0015
B 2,982 10.4 1 400 .0004
C 425 70.6 125 27 .0038
D 425 70.6 250 27 .007
E 425 70.6 500 27 .014
F 425 70.6 1000 27 .028
G 425 70.6 2000 27 .056
H 8,900 3.4 2.5 400 .001


FIG. 3. Attenuation of ambient sound with Flent antinoise stopples
(collated from Zwislocki (3) and Von Gierke (4).

|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||
| | | | | | | ||| | | | |||
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| A = FLENTS
| | | | | | | ||| | | | |||
10|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| B = THEORETICAL LIMIT
| | | | | | | ||| | | | ||| OF ATTENUATION BY
FUNCTION(db) |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| EAR PROTECTORS
A | | | | | | ||| | | | |||
|----A---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||
B | A A A | A AAA A| | | |||
|----B---B--|--|-A-|-|||----A---|--|-|||
| | | | B | | ||| | A | | |||
30|----|---|--|--|-|-|-B||----|---A--|-A||
| | | | | | | ||| | | A |A|
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||B---|---|--|-||A
| | | | | | | ||| B | | | |||
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||B
| | | | | | | ||| B | | B||
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|-B|-|||
| | | | | | | ||| | B | | |||
50|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||
| | | | | | | ||| | | | |||
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||
| | | | | | | ||| | | | |||
|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||
100 1000 10000
FREQUENCY


TABLE 2. Theshold for perception of rf sound (ambient noise level 70-
90 db).
Peak
Avg Peak Peak Magnetic
Power Power Electric Field
Trans- Frequency, Duty Cy. Density, Density Field amp.
mitter mc mw, cm2 mw, cm2 v cm turns, m

A 1,310 .0015 0.4 267 14 4
B 2,982 .0004 2.1 5,250 63 17
C 425 .0038 1.0 263 15 4
D 425 .007 1.9 271 14 4
E 425 .014 3.2 229 13 3
F 425 .028 7.1 254 14 4


FIG. 4. Threshold energy as a function of frequency of electromagnetic
energy (ambient noise level 70-90 db).

10000|---------|-------------|--------------|
|---------|-------------|--------------|
PEAK |---------|-------------|--------------|
POWER |---------|-------------|-------------*|
DENSITY |---------|-------------|------------*-|
(mw/cm2) | | | * |
|---------|-------------|---------*----|
| | | * |
|---------|-------------|------*-------|
| | | * |
| | | * |
| | | * |
1000|---------|-------------*--------------|
|---------|-----------*-|--------------|
|---------|---------*---|--------------|
| | * | |
|---------|-----*-------|--------------|
| * * * * * * * | |
|---------|-------------|--------------|
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
100|---------|-------------|--------------|
200 1000 2000 3000
FREQUENCY (mc)


FIG. 5. Microwave power distribution in a forehead model neglecting
resonance effects and considering only first reflections
(from Nieset et al. (5), modified).

| REFLECTED ABSORBED
1.5|--- FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES
| * *
| * * * = 10% OF INCIDENT
CENTIMETERS |Cortical * POWER
|Tissue *
| * @ = 20% OF INCIDENT
1.0|--- * POWER
| *
| * *
|Bone
| * *
|
0.5|--- * @ @ @ *
|Muscle * @ @
|Fat @ @ *
|Skin @ @ @
0|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---
0 100 1000 10000 100000
FREQUENCY (mc)


FIG. 6. Area most sensitive to electromagnetic energy (shaded portion).

* * * * * *
* *
* *
* * :::::: *
* * ::::::::: *
* O * :::::::: *
* * * *
* * *
* * *
*** ** *
* * *
* * * * *
* *
* *
* * * * * * * * *


At one time in our experimentation with deaf subjects there seemed to be a clear relationship between the ability to hear audio above 5 kc and the ability to hear rf sounds. If a subject could hear above 5 kc, either by bone or air conduction, then he could hear the rf sounds. For example, the threshold of the subject whose audio gram appears in Fig. 2 was the same average power density as our normal subjects. Recently, however, we have found people with a notch around 5 kc who do not perceive the rf sounds generated by at least one of our transmitters.

THRESHOLDS

As shown in Table 1, we have used a fairly wide range of transmitter parameters. We are currently experimenting with transmitters that radiate energy at frequencies below 425 mc, and are using different types of modulation, e.g., pulse-repetition rates as low as 3 and 4/sec.

In the experimentation reported in this section, the ordinary noise level was 70-90 db (measured with a General Radio Co. model 1551-B sound level meter.) In order to minimize the rf energy used in the experimentation, subjects wore Flent antinoise ear stoppers whenever measurements were made. The ordinary noise attenuation of the Flents is indicated in Fig. 3. Although the rf sounds can be heard without the use of Flents, eventhough they have an ambient noise evel of 90 db, it appears that the ambient noise to some extent "masked" the rf sound.

Table 2 gives the thresholds for the perception of the sounds. It shows fairly clearly that the critical factor in the perception of the rf sound is the peak power density, rather than the average power density. The relatively high value for transmitter B was expected and will be discussed below. Transmitter G has been omitted from the table since the 20-mw/cm2 reading for it can be considered only approximate. The field-strength-measuring instruments used in that experiment did not read high enough to give an accurate reading. The energy from transmitter H was not perceived, even when the peak power density was as high as 25 w/cm2.

When the threshold energy is plotted as a function of the rf energy (Fig. 4), a curve is obtained which is suggestive of the curve of penetration of rf energy into the head. Figure 5 shows the calculated penetration, by frequency of rf energy, into the head. Our data indicate that the calculated penetration curve may well be accurate at the higher frequencies but the penetration at the lower frequencies may be greater than that calculated on this model.

As previously noted, the thresholds were obtained in a high ambient noise environment. This is an unusual situation as compared to obtaining thresholds of regular audio sound. One recent experimentation leads us to believe that, if the ambient noise level were not so high, these threshold fields strengths would be much lower. Since one purpose of this paper is to suggest experiments, it might be appropriate to theories as to what the rf sound threshold might be if we assumed that the subject is in an anechoic chamber. It is also assumed that there is no transducer noise.

Given: As a threshold for the rf sound, a peak power density of 275 mw/cm2 determined in an ambient noise environment of 80 db. Earplugs attenuate the ambient noise 30 db.

If: 1 mw/cm2 is set equal to o db, then 275 mw/cm2 is equal to 24 db.

Then: We can reduce the rf energy 50 db to -26 db as we reduce the noise level energy from 50 db to o db. We found that -26 db rf energy is approximately 3 _u_w/cm2.

Thus: If an anechoic room, rf sound could theoretically be induced by a peak power density of 3 _u_w/cm2 measured in free space. Since only 10% of this energy is likely to penetrate the skull, the human auditory system and a table radio may be one order of magnitude apart in sensitivity to rf energy.

RF DETECTOR IN AUDITORY SYSTEM

One possibility that seems to have been ruled out in our experimentation is that of a capacitor-type effect with the tympanic membrane and oval window acting as plates of a capacitor. It would seem possible that these membranes, acting as plates of a capacitor, could be set in motion by rf energy. There are, however, three points of evidence against this possibility. First, when one rotates a capacitor in an rf field, a rather marked change occurs in the capacitor as a function of its orientation in the field. When our subjects rotate or change the positions of their heads in the field, the loudness of the rf sound does not change appreciably. Second, the distance between these membranes is rather small, compared with the wavelengths used. As a third point, we found that one of our subjects who has otosclerosis heard the rf sound.

Another possible location for the detecting mechanism is in the cochlea. We have explored this possibility with nerve-deaf people, but the results are inconclusive due to factors such as tinnitus. We are currently exploring this possibility with animal preparations.

The third likely place for the detection mechanism is the brain. Burr and Mauro (6) presented evidence that indicates that there is an electrostatic field about neurons. Morrow and Sepiel (7) presented evidence that indicates the existence of a magnetic field about neurons. Becker (personal communication) has done some work indicating that there is longitudinal flow of charged carriers in neurons. Thus, it is reasonable to suspect that possibly the electromagnetic field could interact with neuron fields. As yet, evidence of this possibility is inconclusive. The strongest point against it is that we have not found visual effects although we have searched for them. On the other hand, we have obtained other nonauditory effects and have found that the sensitive area for detecting rf sounds is a region over the temporal lobe of the brain. One can shield, with a 2-in.2 piece of fly screen, a portion of the stippled area shown in Fig. 6 and completely cut off the rf sound.

Another possibility should also be considered. There is no good reason to assume that there is only one detector site. On the contrary, the work of Jones et al. (8), in which they placed electrodes in the ear and electrically stimulated the subject, is sufficiently relevant to suggest the possibility of more than one detector site. Also, several sensations have been elicited with properly modulated electromagnetic energy. It is doubtful that all of these can be attributed to one detector.

As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this paper is to focus the attention of physiologists on an unusual area and stimulate additional work on which interpretations can be based. Interpretations have been deliberately omitted from this paper since additional data are needed before a clear picture can emerge. It is hoped that the additional exploration will also result in an increase in our knowledge of nervous system functions.

Dr. Louis Jolyon "Jolly" West

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Dr. West is now a commentator on psychiatric matters on KCAL television in Los Angeles. Send your comments to kcalnews@studio.disney.com.


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Dr. West was the chief architect of the Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence as Director of the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. Citing Samuel Chavkin's work, "The Mind Stealers, Psychosurgery and Mind Control" [ 1 ] :

The center was to be set up to develop "behavioral indicators, profiles, biological correlates," to assist "school administrators, law enforcement personnel and governmental departments" to detect and control "overt expression of life-threatening behavior by identifiable individuals and groups."

In explaining the work of the center, Dr. West said that "in some patients, outbursts of uncontrolled rage have definitely been linked to abnormal electrical activity in deeply buried areas of the brain ... For many years, neurologists have measured the electrical activity of the brain with electrodes attached to the scalp ... Now by implanting tiny electrodes deep within the brain, electrical activity can be followed in areas that cannot be measured from the surface of the scalp."

The future looked even more promising, Dr. West declared. "It is even possible to record bioelectrical changes in the brains of freely moving subjects, through the use of remote monitoring techniques."

Many critics of Dr. West's proposal were up in arms over the fact that two junior high schools would provide much of the source material for the investigation into the genetic factors which predisposed violence, "one in a predominantly black ethnic area; the other in a predominantly Chicano area." One of most persistent critics of the center proposed by Dr. West was Dr. Isidore Ziferstein, associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute.

"We have a new situation on our hands," Dr. Ziferstein said. "Because of the intensifying economic decline it is inevitable that more and more jobless will go beyond the limits of the law to satisfy their needs. There are probably upwards of 30 percent of our population who are permanently impoverished ... And once these 30 percent become convinced that the democratic process is not working for them, they become desperate and may resort to violent means. There is a rising radicalism in their midst and there is an uppitiness among the blacks and the Chicano prisoners which prison officials find intolerable.

"To subdue them, the authorities are using new methods. They're employing the psychiatric armamentarium and a new technological tool set -- what has come to be known as psycho-technology. Under the guise of therapeutic behavior modification they're applying anything from Anectine and other aversive drugs to psychosurgery."

For the first time in the history of the United States, criteria were to be set up for the labeling of individuals believed to be potentially criminal, even though they had committed no crime ... those to be drawn upon for experimentation would be children, minority group members, and prisoners.

Dr. Ziferstein scorned the idea of "predicting" which people are potentially violent. "This means labeling persons as potential criminals, and involves a serious threat to civil liberties."

[ 1 ] "The Mind Stealers, Psychosurgery and Mind Control"
Samuel Chavkin (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1978)


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British Psychiatry: From Eugenics to Assassination
By Anton Chaitkin
EIR magazine, October 7, 1994

Courtesy of MindNet
There is a certain psychiatric agency, the American Family Foundation, which exists officially to guard the public from injurious cults. AFF is the mother organization for the so-called Cult Awareness Network (CAN).

Dr. Louis Jolyon West is director of AFF. An expert in brainwashing for the Air Force and the CIA. West first achieved fame from his MK-Ultra feat - he injected LSD-25 into an elephant and killed it. West researched "the psychology of dissociated states" for the CIA, using LSD and hypnosis. His friend Aldous Huxley suggested to Dr. West during an MK-Ultra experiment that West hypnotise his subjects prior to administering LSD, in order to give them "post-hypnotic suggestions aimed at orienting the drug- induced experience in some desired direction."

Dr. West was called upon by the government to examine Jack Ruby, who had killed Lee Harvey Oswald before Oswald could stand trial for his alleged role in the assassination of President John Kennedy. West declared Ruby to be in a "paranoid state manifested by delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations, and suicidal impulses." Ruby was convicted in 1964, but conveniently died in 1967 while awaiting what could have been a revealing re-trial.

Dr. West lived in Haight-Ashbury during the summer of 1967, to study the hippies.

In the 1970s, West became famous again for his plans to create a Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence. Its staff was to investigate the genetics and biochemistry of their prisoners, including "hyperkinetic children," whose every motion would be electronically monitored by Orwellian guards. Though backed by Gov. Ronald Reagan, the plan was defeated.

Dr. Jose M.R. Delgado

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[ Under the auspices the fascist regime in Spain during WWII, Jose Delgado began his research into the use of pain and pleasure for mind control. Later, as Director of Neuropsychiatry at Yale University Medical School, he refined the design of his "transdermal stimulator"...a computer controlled, remote neurologic transceiver and aversion stimulator. Since the 1970s, Delgado "has shifted his interest from direct electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) to the broader area of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields." (Cross Currents - Dr. Robert Becker) ]


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Excerpt from:


"Physical Control of the Mind, Toward a Psychocivilized Society"
Jose M. R. Delgado, M.D. (Harper & Row, NY, 1969)

Two-way Radio Communication with the Brain (Pgs. 89 - 96)
This gap is now being filled, and as Figures 4 and 5 show, it is already possible to equip animals or human beings with minute instruments called "stimoceivers" for radio transmission and reception of electrical messages to and from the brain in completely unrestrained subjects. Microminiaturization of the instrument's electronic components permits control of all parameters of excitation for radio stimulation of three different points within the brain and also telemetric recording of three channels of intracerebral electrical activity.

It is reasonable to speculate that in the near future the stimoceiver may provide the essential link from man to computer to man, with a reciprocal feedback between neurons and instruments which represents a new orientation for the medical control of neurophysiological functions. For example, it is conceivable that the localized abnormal electrical activity which announces the imminence of an epileptic attack could be picked up by implanted electrodes, telemetered to a distant instrument room, tape-recorded, and analyzed by a computer capable of recognizing abnormal electrical patterns. Identification of the specific electrical disturbance could trigger the emission of radio signals to activate the patient's stimoceiver and apply an electrical stimulation to a determined inhibitory area of the brain, thus blocking the onset of the convulsive episode.

One of the limiting factors in these studies was the existence of wires leading from the brain to the stimoceiver outside of the scalp. The wires represented a possible portal of entry for infection and could be a hindrance to hair grooming in spite of their small size. It would obviously be far more desirable to employ minute instruments which could be implanted completely beneath the skin. For this purpose we have developed in our laboratory a small three-channel stimulator which can be placed subcutaneously and which has terminal leads to be implanted within the brain (Figure 6). The instrument is solid state, has no batteries, and can work indefinitely. Necessary electrical energy, remote control of parameters of stimulation, and choice of channels are provided by transdermal coupling, using a small coil which is activated by frequency-modulated radio signals.

The technology for nonsensory communication between brains and computers through the intact skin is already at our fingertips, and its consequences are difficult to predict. In the past the progress of civilization has tremendously magnified the power of our senses, muscles, and skills. Now we are adding a new dimension: the direct interface between brains and machines. Although true, this statement is perhaps too spectacular and it requires cautious clarification. Our present knowledge regarding the coding of information, mechanisms of perception, and neuronal bases of behavior is so elemental that it is highly improbable that electrical correlates of thoughts or emotions could be picked up, transmitted, and electrically applied to the suitable structure of a different subject in order to be recognized and to trigger related thoughts or emotions. It is, however, already possible to induce a large variety of responses, from motor effects to emotional reactions and intellectual manifestations, by direct electrical stimulation of the brain. Also, several investigators have learned to identify patterns of electrical activity (which a computer could also recognize) localized in specific areas of the brain and related to determined phenomena such as perception of smells or visual perception of edges and movements. We are advancing rapidly in the pattern recognition of electrical correlates of behavior and in the methodology for two-way radio communication between brain and computers.

Fears have been expressed that this new technology brings with it the threat of possible unwanted and unethical remote control of the cerebral activities of man by other men, but as will be discussed later, this danger is quite improbable and is outweighed by the expected clinical and scientific benefits. Electronic knowledge and microminiaturization have progressed so much that the limits appear biological rather than technological. Our greatest need is for more experimental information about the neuronal mechanisms related to behavioral and mental processes, and research in unrestricted subjects promises to reveal new understanding of normal minds and more efficient therapy of disturbed brains.

MK Resistance

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A great many survivors have contacted me seeking information and assistance in resisting the torture. I can't respond to most so here are some thoughts on the subject of resistance. Point is, the technology is not perfect. It never was. It is only mis-information and dis-information which allow the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Reconnaissance Office to succeed. Even the most persistant MK torture conditioning can be resisted.

Other options exist. Check our Links page for information about UseNet and EMail discussion groups.

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The experiences the survivors report are not live ... they are recorded.

The amount of electro-magnetic energy that such implanted relays are capable of downlinking is so small as to have very little apparent (direct) effect, if any, upon the brain. However, over a long period of time (months or years) even that little bit of energy can be utilized to condition responses indirectly into the victims' own thinking processes.

Over a period of months and years, conditioned responses are patterned into the brain's neural pathways. This neural patterning requires millions upon millions of repititions, but eventually the victim's brain is conditioned to produce the responses that their torturers wished to implement.

Hour after hour, day after day, year after year, the torturers broadcast weak electro-magnetic fields which emulate brainwave patterns. Sequences of these emulated patterns are then strung together to emulate a thought process. These sequences are then repeated billions of times.

Here, note the articles on J.L. West and Jose Delgado. Both note the use of computers in perpetrating this sort of repetitive conditioning.

Over time, the neurons in the victims' brains become conditioned to repeat these superimposed patterns of brainwave activity. As time goes by, the victims' brains become the source of these "broadcasts." Soon, as more neurons become more deeply conditioned, these externally patterned thought processes become more and more pronounced (louder). Ultimately, these brainwave patterns become self-sustaining.

Typically, these conditioned responses are strung together in a looped and/or cross-linked pattern so as to make these superimposed thought processes both self-sustaining and self-reinforcing. This neural patterning is usually linked to the motor and/or sensory centers of the brain in such a way as to utilize pain and pleasure to reinforce the expected responses.

Survivors may notice that when trying to supress (resist) any of these errant, conditioned thought processes, one or more muscle spasms occur elsewhere in their bodies and these muscle spasms induce pain. The muscle spasm and its resultant pain sensations are part of the conditioned response. The neural pathways in the victims' brains have been conditioned to induce pain if they attempt to supress other of these conditioned thought processes.

Thus, the victims' brains self-reinforce these "voices," et al. in order to avoid pain.

Herein lies the key to de-conditioning these processes. One must learn to step outside of these errant patterns, analyze how they trigger and reinforce one another, and strategically pit them against one another.

For example, one or more dissociative thought processes are split off and conditioned to internalize a response in the otic centers of that victim's brain; namely, pieces of the victim's own mind are split off and twisted back around to produce the "voices" that that victim hears. Survivors can reach out with their minds and take back control of those pieces of their mind. Survivors can get behind those "voices" and pull them back in. Survivors can make those detatched part of their minds think what they want them to think. Survivors can make those detatched part of their minds not think what they have been conditioned to think.

As one resists, note the reponses that have been conditioned to prevent one from resisting. Reach out with one's own mind and hold those responses apart. If a muscle spasm occurs, consciously force the muscles that are spasming to relax while resisting the originating trigger.

As simple and straight-forward as is this conditioning technology, so also is the de-conditioning simple and straight-forward. The hard part is in de-tangling those hideous masses of looped and cross-linked conditioned responses that have become one's mind.

However, it can be done. And, with practice, it becomes very easy. Survivors can de-condition these brainwave patterns faster than their government torturers can implement them. They will try to reinforce these responses when the victim is asleep, one can't resist 24 hours a day. But, one can learn to de-condition in hours what it takes them weeks to create.

With practice, one can learn their techniques (tricks). And, with this knowledge comes power ... the power to control one's own thoughts.

The truth will set you free.

MK-Ultra: The CIA and Radiation

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Interim Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
Appendix, pp. E-1.1 to 1.6

Courtesy of PinkNoise

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History and Organization of the Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was created in 1947 by the National Security Act, which also established the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Security Council (NSC). CIA was modeled largely after the Office of Strategic Services, which served as the principal U.S. intelligence organization during World War II. The newly created agency was authorized to engage in foreign intelligence collection (i.e., espionage). analysis. and covert actions, it was, however, prohibited from engaging in domestic police or internal security functions. Nonetheless, CIA engaged in a program of domestic human experimentation from the 1950s into the 1970s.

CIA components most likely to have. been associated with any experiment are the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) in the Directorate of Intelligence, the Office of Security, the Technical Services Division (TSD) in the then-Directorate of Plans (DDP, now Directorate of Operations), and (at least from 1962) the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in the Directorate of Science and Technology. Beginning in the late 1940s, OSI analyzed and disseminated foreign scientific, and medical intelligence concerning the development and testing of atomic weapons and interacted with DOD and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) on these issues. TSD ran Project MKULTRA, discussed below. Human experimentation was done prior to MKULTRA by OSI and the Office of Security and, after MKULTRA, by ORD.

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Experiments
To date, CIA has found no records or other information indicating that it conducted or sponsored human radiation experiments.

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Records Search
In response to the January 1994 presidential directive, CIA conducted an agency-wide search for information about human radiation experiments that it may have conducted.[ 1 ] At the Committee's initial meeting in April 1994, CIA stated that the search encompassed an electronic review of approximately 34 million documents, a manual review of 480,300 documents, and nearly 50 interviews. CIA also stated that it had found no documents relating to experiments conducted by other agencies. The Committee, however, has since found records indicating that CIA officers did participate in DOD groups in which human radiation experiments, including those involving the placement of troops at atmospheric weapons tests, were discussed and planned. As discussed below, CIA is continuing to search for documents relating to these and other activities.

Beginning in the early 1950s, CIA engaged in an extensive program of human experimentation, using drugs, psychological. and other means in search of techniques to control human behavior CIA has so far found no evidence that radiation experiments on humans were part of this program. CIA documents and a 1963 CIA Inspector General (IG) report. however state quite clearly that .MKULTRA was a program "concerned with research and development of chemical. biological. and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior." (emphasis added) The IG report states that "additional avenues to the control of human behavior had been designated . . as appropriate to investigation under the MKULTRA charter, including radiation, electroshock. various fields of psychology, sociology, and anthropology, graphology, harassment substances, and paramilitary devices and materials." (emphasis added)[ 2 ] The program included unwitting experimentation on humans with LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), brainwashing, and other interrogation methods.

CIA's human behavior program originated in 1950 and was motivated by Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind control techniques. It began under the code name BLUEBIRD (and was later known as ARTICHOKE) and was operated by the Office of Security and OSI with support from other offices. MKULTRA formally began in April 1953 as a special, clandestine funding mechanism for DOD human behavior research. The program was the subject of investigations by the Rockefeller Commission in 1975, the Senate Church Committee in 1976, and hearings by Senator Kennedy in 1975 and 1977, however, these committees did not focus on radiation experiments, and no such information was found by them.

CIA has told the Committee that MKULTRA involved human experimentation using every research "avenue" listed in the MKULTRA document except for radiation.[ 3 ] The agency also noted that most of the MKULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by the order of then-Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms[ 4 ] In early September 1991. the agency found a document that summarized work done for ARTICHOKE which states that "[i]n addition to hypnosis. chemical and psychiatric research. the following fields have been explored ... 7) other physical manifestations. including heat and cold, atmospheric pressure, radiation." (emphasis added) .Although there is no indication from this document that radiation was explored on humans directly. it makes clear that CIA did "explore" radiation as a possibility for the defensive and offensive use of brainwashing and other interrogating techniques.[ 5 ]

In another MKULTRA project, CIA secretly provided funding for the construction of a wing of Georgetown University Hospital in the 1950s so that it would have a locale to carry out clinical testing of its biological and chemical programs. Dr. Charles F. Geschickter, a Georgetown doctor who conducted cancer research and experimented with radiation therapy, acted as cover for CIA financing.[ 6 ] CIA also tried unsuccessfully to enlist AEC to co-fund the project by appealing to its interest in Geschickter's radiation research. Geschickter testified before Congress in 1977 that CIA money helped fund his radioisotope lab and equipment. Thus, CIA money seems to have helped fund radiation-related medical research as a cover for the agency's real interest in chemical and biological research.

Records obtained from DOD and the Department of Energy (DOE) and by Committee staff from the National Archives show that CIA was represented in key DOD biomedical groups in which both human experiments and experimental ethics policy were discussed and planned. At least three CIA officers were members of DOD's Committee on Medical Sciences (CMS) from 1948 to 1953 and attended meetings and received the "program guidance" of the DOD Joint Panel on the Medical Aspects of Atomic Warfare. As reported elsewhere,[ 7 ] the Joint Panel was the center for information gathering and planning for medical experimentation, including human experiments, relating to atomic warfare; for example, this panel helped coordinate the program of placing troops in the vicinity of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. In 1948 CIA also participated in discussions regarding the proposed formation of an Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Organization, during which it was suggested that CIA would be in charge of foreign atomic, biological. and chemical intelligence from a medical sciences viewpoint.[ 8 ]

CIA representatives on CMS worked for OSI (and its precursor, the Scientific Branch). This office had principal responsibility for analyzing and disseminating foreign atomic energy intelligence. It chaired the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee (JAEIC, also known as the Joint Nuclear Intelligence Committee), an interagency body that helped coordinate analyses and activities by Departments responsible for monitoring foreign nuclear weapons programs. It also chaired the interagency Scientific Intelligence Committee as well as the Joint Medical Sciences Intelligence Committee, both of which coordinated scientific and medical intelligence for the Government. These two committees provided medical intelligence to the Armed Forces Medical Policy Committee, which also played an active role in planning and overseeing radiation research and human experimentation for DOD. This office also worked on Projects BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE, at least one of the officers who attended CMS meetings also analyzed medical intelligence for the Office of Security's human experimentation activities under BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE.

CIA historically has employed the facilities of other agencies, including DOD and DOE (and its predecessors) to assist in agency research. For example, in 1965 CIA entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with AEC's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to perform a number of projects for CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence. CIA has been asked to search for documents specifically related to the work performed under this agreement that might relate to human radiation experiments.

With regard to the history of CIA's ethics policies, the MKULTRA experiment program gestated from 1951 to 1952. This was the very period in which DOD's CMS, with CIA participation, engaged in discussions that led to the Secretary of Defense's 1953 enactment of an ethics policy for human experiments based on the Nuremberg Code. The relationship between these Nuremberg Code discussions (and policy) and CIA's MKULTRA activities is a subject of the Committee's inquiry.

Through the course of MKULTRA, CIA sponsored numerous experiments on unwitting humans. After the death of one such individual (Frank Olson, an army scientist who was given LSD in 1953 and committed suicide a week later), an internal CIA investigation warned about the dangers of such experimentation. Ten years later, a 1963 IG report recommended termination of unwitting testing; however, Deputy Director for Plans Richard Helms (who later became Director of Central Intelligence) continued to advocate covert testing on the ground that "positive operational capability to use drugs is diminishing, owing to a lack of realistic testing. With increasing knowledge of the state of the art, we are less capable of staying up with the Soviet advances in this field. "The Church Committee noted that "Helms attributed the cessation of the unwitting testing to the high risk of embarrassment to the Agency as well as the moral problem He noted that no better covert situation had been devised than that which had been used and that 'we have no answer to the moral issue '"[ 9 ]

Following revelations of MKULTRA and other unethical CIA practices President Gerald Ford issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities in 1976 which, among other matters. prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested third party, of each such human subject and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects for Biomedical and Behavioral Research." Subsequent Executive Orders by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation: "No agency within the Intelligence Community shall sponsor, contract for, or conduct research on human subjects except in accordance with guidelines issued by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The subject's informed consent shall be documented as required by those guidelines." [ 10 ] CIA has issued guidelines implementing the Executive Order and has provided them to the Committee.[ 11 ]

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Remaining Tasks
The primary focus of CIA's initial search was records on the use of ionizing radiation on humans by the U.S. Government. The agency did not initially search specifically for information on such topics as the 1949 "Green Run" release (an intentional release of radiation in Hanford, Washington) or the activities of the JAEIC, CMS, or Joint Panel on the Medical Aspects of Atomic Warfare. Nor did CIA initially focus on activities of the Soviet Union and other countries that may have prompted U.S. agencies to consider human radiation experiments (e.g., when the Soviet Union sent approximately 40,000 troops to a test area to conduct military exercises 30 minutes after an atomic bomb test in Totsk, Kazakhstan, on September 14, 1954).

In response to specific Committee queries, CIA has provided documents that describe activities of the OSI. CIA continues to search for records in light of five Committee requests. These requests include: (1) records on CMS, the Joint Panel on the Medical Aspects of Atomic Warfare, and other DOD and/or interagency medical intelligence organizations involving human experiments, (2) foreign medical intelligence records on human radiation experiments, (3) records on work done by other agencies, (4) records on ethics policies, and (5) records on the Green Run and other intentional releases.

The Committee awaits completion of ongoing records searches that CIA has been conducting on the above and other topics raised by the Committee.

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Notes
[ 1 ] In contrast to all other agencies, CIA maintains custody of virtually all of its records; only a small number have been transferred to the National Archives and none to any Federal Records Center. No publicly available index or inventory describes the size and organization of the records that CIA maintains.

[ 2 ] A redacted version of the IG report was reprinted in Joint Hearings on Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1975, before the Subcommittee on Health of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Senate Judiciary Committee, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., at 877 (the complete report is still classified), see also "Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Governmental Operations, Book I" at 389-90, 94th Cong.,2d Sess., No. 94-755 (Apr.26,. 1976)("Church Committee").(sb 'Covert'?)

[ 3 ] CIA did investigate the use and effect of microwaves on humans in response to a Soviet practice of beaming microwaves on the U.S. Embassy but determined that this was outside the scope of the Committee's purview. CIA also sponsored radioisotope tracer experiments involving irradiated LSD and other chemicals on laboratory animals as part of MKULTRA. The Army conducted similar tracer studies on humans at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland during this period. Beginning in 1967, CIA's Office of Research and Development and the Edgewood Arsenal undertook a Joint program for research in influencing human behavior with drugs, which included human experimentation (including on prison inmates) and was performed by the same University of Pennsylvania researchers who had performed the tracer studies. It is not known whether the joint program included radioisotope trace studies on humans.

[ 4 ] Helms testified in 1975 that he ordered the records destroyed because "there had been relationships with outsiders in government agencies and other organizations and that these would be sensitive in this kind of a thing but that since the program was over and finished and done with, we thought we would just get rid of the files as well, so that anybody who assisted us in the past would not be subject to follow-up questions, embarrassment, if you will." Church Committee, Book 1. at 403-04.

[ 5 ] CIA officials have suggested this reference to radiation might have meant "ultrasonic radiation" because they found another document in which the possibility of using "ultrasonics and other radiant energy" was proposed and rejected. This suggestion. however, seems unlikely because the summary document also lists "sound" as a field that was explored in addition to radiation.

[ 6 ] The Geschickter Fund for Medical Research served as a principal "cut-out source" for CIA's secret funding of numerous MKULTRA human experiment projects.

[ 7 ] See discussion in Part I of the Interim Report.

[ 8 ] Although this organization apparently was never created, the basic division of labor between CIA and DOD suggested here seems to have been maintained by the Armed Forces Medical Policy Committee.

[ 9 ] Church Committee, Book I, at 402. The Church Committee noted that "the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD...was marked by a complete lack of screening, medical supervision, opportunity to observe, or medical or psychological follow-up. The intelligence agencies allowed individual researchers to design their project. Experiments sponsored by these researchers...call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for the experiments." Id.

[ 10 ] Executive Order 11905 (Feb. l9, 1976) (Ford); Executive Order 12036, [[section]] 2-302 (Jan. 26, 1978) (Carter); Executive Order 12333, [[section]] 2.10 (Dec. 4, 1981) (Reagan).

[ 11 ] One section of the most recent guidelines originally was classified, i.e., HR 7- l a(6)(c)(4), but was declassified upon the request of the Committee.